Process equipment malfunctions Techniques to identify and correct plant problems

Distillation tray malfunctions, cap.1 Packed tower problems, cap.2 Distillation tower pressure and composition control, cap.3 Salt and rust formation on tray decks, cap.4 Fractionator bottoms product stripping, cap.5 Heat extraction with pumparounds, cap.6 Reboiled and steam side strippers, cap.7 Inspecting tower internals-checklist, cap.8 Process reboilers-shell and tube, cap.9 Shell-and-tube heat exchangers in sensible heat transfer service, cap.10 Condenser limitations, cap.11 Air coolers-forced and induced-draft air side malfunctions, cap.12 Cooling water: Towers and circulation, cap.13 Steam condensate collection systems, cap.14 Steam quality problems, cap.15 Level control problems, cap.16 Excessive ambient heat losses, cap.17 Process plant corrosion, cap.18 Vapor-liquid separation vessels, cap.19 Knock-out drums, demisters and impingement plates, cap.20 Hydrocarbon-water separation-electric desalters and gravity setting, cap.21 Natural draft-fired heaters, cap.22 Tube failure in fired heaters, cap.23 Fired heaters: Air preheaters, cap.24 Disabling safety systems, cap.25 Vacuum systems and steam jets, cap.26 Vacuum surface condensers and precondensers, cap.27 Excess gas overloads: Vacuum system ejectors, cap.28 Centrifugal pump NPSH limitations: Cavitation, seal and bearing failures, cap.29 Centrifugal pump and driver capacity limits: Lubrication failures, cap.30 Steam turbine drivers, cap.31 Centrifugal compressors: Surge, fouling and driver limits, cap.32 Reciprocating compressors: Unloading and efficiency, cap.33 Summary: Typical energy savings and efficiency projects, cap.34